Algae and Climate Change The Complex and Integral...

Algae and Climate Change: The Complex and Integral Relationship Between Biology and Weather Introduction Climate scientists around the world overwhelmingly agree that mankind is responsible for a warming trend and for other changes to the global climate as a result of greenhouse gas emission form the burning of fossil fuels. This is far from a simple cause-and-effect system, however, given the global scale of the issue there are necessarily many factors that interact in complex manners to changes in atmospheric gases and to the Earths climate. Understanding the manner in which other biological agents counteract, contribute to, and/or are affected by human impacts on the climate and the climate overall is essential to understanding the larger climate change issues. The following pages examine how algae is related to global climate change, noting a far more significant impact than most lay observers might expect. Algaes Role in Climate Regulation To suggest that small, often microscopic organisms could have a substantial impact on the Earths climate might at first appear irrational. The minute chemical interactions that these organisms facilitate and their physical presence can have tremendous impacts on climate and specifically on how human-produced atmospheric carbon influences the rest of the global climate (Hays et al, 2005; Wilhelm et al, 2006; Sun et al, 2009; Kumar et al, 2011). Algae can exist in very large populations or blooms that magnify the effectsShow MoreRelatedImportance of Oceans4849 Words   |  20 Pagesatmosphere and providing oxygen. It regulates Earths climate. The ocean is an increasingly important source of biomedical organisms with enormous potential for fighting disease. These are just a few examples of the importance of the ocean to life on land. Explore them in greater detail to understand why we must keep the ocean healthy for future generations. Fishing Facts The oceans have been fished for thousands of years and are an integral part of human society. Fish have been important toRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pages55-68 Food 69-71 Other biomolecules of life 72-76 Unit 4 Energy in the Community Electricity 77-78 Heat 78-81 Light 82-91 Sound 92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151

Moby Dick The Greatest Book Ever Written By Herman Melville

Herman Melville’s legendary novel, Moby-Dick, is arguably the greatest book ever written. It epitomizes the darkest humanistic qualities on the grandest of scales, depicting a captain’s obsession with revenge. Ultimately, vengeance becomes the captain’s undoing – but what was the inspiration behind such a poignant tale? That, in and of itself, is a story worth telling†¦ From Academy Award winning director Ron Howard (A Beautiful Mind) comes In the Heart of the Sea, which stars Chris Hemsworth as Owen Chase. After his last mission, Chase was promised a captaincy, however, politics gives the prominent position to the well-connected George Pollard, Jr. (Benjamin Walker). And, despite his reluctance, Chase agrees to be Pollard’s first officer, aboard the Essex – which sets out to collect a thousand barrels of whale oil. Reliving the events is an elder seaman, Thomas Nickerson (Brendan Gleeson) – who is paid by a novelist, Herman Melville (Ben Whishaw), for his reluctant story. As a boy, Thomas (Tom Holland), recounts the strained relationship between Chase and Captain Pollard, although both men agree to carry out their mission – in spite of a damaging encounter from a storm. In the meantime, whales are becoming more and more elusive – but when the crew is given vital information about where they can be found in mass quantities, they set sail (thousands of miles from home). However, a massive white whale is more than the crew can combat – ultimately leading to theShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis Of Fedallah In Melvilles Moby Dick1315 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant characters in Melville’s Moby-Dick. Ahab’s characteristics that create his moral tragedy are represented by different characters in the novel. In Fedallah’s case, he represents the pure, demonic evil that exists in Ahab. At times he seems to be supernatural and a literal extension of Ahab’s innermost being. In Chapter 73, while observing the right whales head, Fedallah’s shadow seems to blend in with Ahab’s, as if they are a single being (Melville 261). Furthermore, since FedallahRead MoreEssay about Herman Melville: A Biography A nd Analysis2570 Words   |  11 Pages Herman Melville: A Biography And Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout American history, very few authors have earned the right to be called â€Å"great.† Herman Melville is one of these few. His novels and poems have been enjoyed world wide for over a century, and he has earned his reputation as one of the finest American writers of all time. A man of towering talent, with intellectual and artistic brilliance, and a mind of deep insight into human motives and behavior, it is certainlyRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 Pagespublished accounts of discoveries. The writings of Captain John Smith, an explorer whose travels took him up and down the eastern seaboard of America, represent a shift from exploration narrative toward early history. Early histories, however, were written mostly by settlers rather than by explorers. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Colony, wrote his Of Plymouth Plantation from 1620 to 1647 . Another important historian of early America was Thomas Morton, whose New English CanaanRead More Visions of The Primitive in Langston Hughes’s The Big Sea Essay examples6201 Words   |  25 Pagesthe Hudson, and the old ships rocking and creaking in the wind, and the ice scraping and crunching against their sides, and the steam hissing in the radiators were ideal for reading. I read all the ship’s library. (Hughes, 1986, p.95) Among the books that Hughes finds in the ship’s library is a copy of â€Å"Conrad’s Heart of Darkness† (p.95). That Conrad’s novella should be mentioned in this context reveals a playfully comic incongruity: the icy â€Å"wide bend of the Hudson† river (p.91) sharply contrastsRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesor inciting conflict (if they have not already been introduced by the exposition). The conflict is then developed gradually and intensified. CRISIS: The crisis (also referred to as the climax) is that moment at which the plot reaches its point of greatest emotional intensity; it is the turning point of the plot, directly precipitating its resolution. FALLING ACTION: Once the crisis has been reached, the tension subsides and the plot moves toward its appointed conclusion. RESOLUTION: The final

Western New Mexico Universitys School Of Social Work

Intern: _Craig Crawford____ Date:_____9-15-2015_____ PR#___1____ Western New Mexico University’s School of Social Work MSW Program Process Recording I. Client Pseudonym _Les Brown________________________________ II. Basic Demographics (age, gender, socio demographic status, etc): This section should include much detail about every client/participant in the interaction, Les brown is an 25 year old Caucasian man who is originally from Waco, Texas. Les is 179 lbs and about 5’11, he claims that he use to be muscular but it all went to fat when he was incarcerated and did have time to workout. Les has just been released from prison to a halfway house in the Central Texas area called DARTEN. Les comes from a low economic class and does not ant to be in the halfway house. He said he rather be in jail. As part of his assigned task, Les has come to see me in order to receive a stamp on his packet to verify that he spoke with the mental heath department. He does have family, but he will not disclose any information about them, because he is afraid we will contact them. III. Purpose of Interview or Meeting and Participants: The purpose of this meeting to just find out if the clients have a plan, if they are adjusting well and to allow the clients to just get some things off their mind. That’s all that we can do because we are not a counseling center for the DARTEN population. I have about thirty minutes with them and I will probably never see them again, because we do notShow MoreRelatedA Study On Norwich University Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesmaintaining an average student-faculty ratio of one to 12. The Academic Achievement Center employs professionals who regularly connect with students to offer academic, study skills and social networking support. Norwich University does not employ teaching assistants, so instructors offer better quality classes. Norwich University’s student body is predominately made up of military personnel, veterans and family, but civilian students are completely integrated in the classrooms and in extracurricular activitiesRead MoreIllegal Immigrants : An Il legal Immigrant1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Southern part of Mexico with no job and with four kids. She also has terrible sickness condition and doesn t have any health care and insurance to take care of her and her children. The mother is thinking about to move from her current place to a much better place, U.S., but however, she has not filled out any legal documents to move to the United States of America. So then, she picked up everything she has and her kids, too. When she arrives at the national border of Mexico and United States,Read MoreCollege Life: Benefits of Living On-Campus1652 Words   |  7 Pages142) Research indicates that â€Å"70 to 80 percent of students work while they are enrolled† (ACE Centre for Policy Analysis, 2006; p.1). Newbold, Mehta, and Forbus (2011) examined demographic differences between 108 commuter students and 345 residential students at South-western state university to determine student’s attitudes, opinions, and reasons for being in a university, involvement level and participation in various activities, social life and relationships, time management, stress, and how theyRead MoreHistory of Chinese Students Studying Abroad or in the U.S.2835 Words   |  11 PagesChinese students studying in American universities dates back to the mid-1850s, when the first student, Yung Wing, graduated from Yale University in 1854 (Bartlett and Fischer Para. 8). After that. Qin Dynasty starts sending Chinese students to learned new sciences and technologies and we called â€Å"Westernization Movement†. The educational missions to the US were organize d in the 1870s to train specialists who would create â€Å"better engines and iron hulls† for Chinese ships (Bartlett and Fischer Para. 8)Read More Drug Abuse Among American Teenagers Essay7972 Words   |  32 PagesAbuse Among American Teenagers Drug abuse in America is a major problem. Especially among teenagers. Drugs have hurt the lives of nearly 40 percent of all teenagers in America. Either with health problems, DWIs, highway crashes, arrests, impaired school and job performance. These drugs that teenagers use range from Alcohol, LSD, Marijuana, and even Cigarettes. Most of the teenagers that are involved in drug abuse have either, broken families, parents that are drug abusers, a unstable environmentRead MoreImmigration to the United States8027 Words   |  33 PagesSecure Fence Act authorizes the construction of 1,127 kilometers of double-layered fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border.   †¢ 2012  President Barack Obama passes an executive order allowing hundreds of thousands of undocumented immigrants who came to the U.S. as children to remain in the country without the threat of deportation. The order also allows the so-called â€Å"Dreamers† under 30 years old to work. Selected text taken from www.ailf.org Immigrant vs. Illegal Unfortunately, people tend to stereotypeRead MoreApple, Rim, Microsoft, Google Financial Analysis4916 Words   |  20 PagesCorporate Governance Analysis Microsoft The CEO: Steven Anthony Ballmer has been the CEO of Microsoft since January 2000. He graduated from Detroit Country Day School, Michigan. He later joined Harvard University, where he studied Math and Economics. During that time, he lived down the hall from Bill Gates, Microsoft’s founder and Chairman of the Board. Ballmer joined Microsoft on June 11, 1980 as the first business manager and the 30th employee. His first salary was $50,000 including 8% ofRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesHughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States. As the manager of an electricRead MoreCase Studies13817 Words   |  56 PagesCASE STUDY #1 A Job Search Dilemma Eric, a second-semester senior, is looking for a job. Anxious about finding work in the worst economy in decades, he sends out scores of resumes for a wide variety of positions. The first call he gets is for a position that doesnt really interest him, but he figures he should be open to every opportunity. He schedules an interview, which he aces. In fact, the recruiter offers Eric the job on the spot. He would like Eric to start as soon as possible. Should EricRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval

The Invasion Of The Vietnam War - 2004 Words

Firstly, the invasion of the Vietnam War cannot be justified when the US s ally in the war is a corrupt democracy. When the Vietnam War began the United States’ puppet state was Ngo Dinh Diem’s South Vietnam. Diem was a dictator or the President supposedly of South Vietnam that took power for himself there, and threw all of his civil and political opponents into violent concentration camps. The South Vietnamese President had also oppressed those of different religions specifically Buddhism (NGO DINH DIEM, FIRST PRESIDENT OF SOUTH VIETNAM.). Eventually, the Viet Cong who would rather support a communist regime formed due to the oppressive nature of Diem’s ruthless democracy. By the time North Vietnam sought to unify the country Diem had opposition from all perspectives, including his most trusted peers. Even with his mockery of a democracy, the United States believed it had to support his efforts in the defense of democracy in South Vietnam. The United States did want a change of power, but were willing to continue with Diem if deemed necessary to win. Benjamin Frankel states this by stating â€Å"advised the State Department that the United States should begin to search for an alternative to Diem. On 1 November 1963 South Vietnamese military officers overthrew Diem, and he and his brother were shot to death† (Vietnam War: Was U.S. Military Intervention in Vietnam Justified?). Democracy is about everyone having fair trials, civil liberties, and the right to free speech.Show MoreRelatedThe War Of The Vietnam War1224 Words   |  5 Pages Intervention in Vietnam. Second Analysis Paper Student’s Name Institution of Learning Introduction The Vietnamese was very detrimental because several people died. Indeed, the Just War Wage Policies (JWPs) were famous with the Vietnam War of 1961-64. Critically, the JWPs might fail in certain war cases owing to several challenges such as terrorism, lethal weapons, and genocide issues, which render this policy ineffective. Therefore, it is important to re-think whether this policyRead MoreThe Policies Of Eisenhower s Vietnam And John F. Policy1688 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy lacked a clear policy in Vietnam we have to compare the policies of Dwight Eisenhower’s in Vietnam and John F. Kennedys policies and how it contradicted with their ideologies. DWIGHT EISENHOWERS FOREIGN POLICY VS. JOHN F. KENNEDYS FOREIGN POLICY The view by some historians is that The Dwight Eisenhower foreign policy was popularly known as the â€Å"New Look†. This policy aimed to maintain the American financial economy while Eisenhower was planning the Cold war and continue the containment ofRead MoreWhy Vietnam Invaded Cambodi Political Culture And The Causes Of War By Stephen J. Morris1286 Words   |  6 Pageshistorical novels associating with the Cambodian-Vietnamese Conflict. The Martin Luther King Jr. Library was the only library I could think that held historical chronicles. Primarily, I wanted to find a book called Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and the Causes of War by Stephen J. Morris. By quickly finding and examining the book on the Internet, this novel book was perfect for my topic; the title of the book was even a large giveaway for my topic. However, the library lost the novel;Read Moreâ€Å"Today It Is Becoming Increasingly Apparent To Thoughtful938 Words   |  4 Pagesabroad and maintain any form of imperialism at home. The war has done this to our thinking.†(Willkie). After a war, a responsible superpower would provide the ideals of a democracy, such as popular sovereignty and limited government. However after the second world war, the United States acted opposite of its highest standards, instead keeping in mind only of expansionism and corrupted ways to be the best. In its world interventions in Vietnam, Nicaragua and Afghanistan, the US behaved more as an empireRead MoreFrom The Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Japan In 19451498 Words   |  6 Pagesbombs on Japan in 1945 to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the United States of America has pursued a foreign policy of containment to curb the spread of Soviet communism throughout the world. The U.S. spent billions of dollars during the Cold War period on foreign policies of containment, but is criticized that these strategies were ineffective in containing the spread of communism. In 1946, The L ong Telegram, put forth by the father of the containment theory, George F. Kennan, stated that inRead MoreWhat Was A Communist Government?1093 Words   |  5 Pagesanti-communist due to the cold war occurring between the USA and Russia, a communist country, in the 1950s. While USA’s government system during this time was a Democracy. They had the fear of this communist society expanding throughout the entire south East Asia. 3. Describe France’s involvement in Vietnam’s history. When did they set up a colony? Why? Explain what led to the French leaving Vietnam? When did this occur? In 1859, Napoleon iii decided to invade Vietnam. It was due to the upsurge inRead MoreThe Presidential Issues of the Sixties and Seventies778 Words   |  3 PagesIt was also a time of war, a time when certain crises became major factors in American culture and people wanted to absolve the violence to make a better way of life. In 1960, John F. Kennedy became the President of the United States. Kennedy was a young man with a vision and he wanted to forge a New Frontier for the American people. During Kennedy’s time as President there were many issues that arose, such as, the construction of the Berlin Wall, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile CrisisRead MoreEssay on Americas Involvement in Vietnam546 Words   |  3 PagesThe events that led to the United States entering the Vietnam War began when the French conquered Vietnam in the late nineteenth century. After Vietnam was conquer, they formed the League for the Independence of Vietnam in hopes of seeking independence from the French. With great effort on September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh proclaimed their independence from France. However, the French opposed Vietnam’s independence for approximately nine years and wanted to reestablish their rule over them. However theRead MoreHave You Ever Met A Very Influential Person That Everyone1704 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States was involved in the Vietnam War as well and the Cold War against the Soviet Union. In addition, McNamara was hired by the head of the Ford automobile company to help revamp their company. In late 1960, McNamara became the president of the entire Ford company. After this, McNamara served as president of the World Bank from 1968-1981. He greatly impacted the Cold War as well as the Vietnam War. Robert McNamara helped create peace during the Cold War because he favored a blockade on CubaRead MoreThe Tet Offensive And The Invasion Of Theu.s Embassy865 Words   |  4 Pageschanged the minds of Americans was the invasion of the U.S Embassy in Saigon, which later became known as the US Embassy: Fall of Saigon. The Fall of Saigon was also an invasion by the North Vietnamese on South Vietnam, and consequentially, the South fell to the North, effectively, ending the Vietnam War. But more importantly, this tragedy ended the trust of Americans in their gover nment and in their political leaders. These images of the Tet Offensive and the invasion of the U.S Embassy were burned into

Compaction of Concrete Free Essays

Consolidation of plastic concrete is termed as compaction. In the process of compaction, efforts are only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted concrete. Compaction of concrete can be done either manually or mechanically. We will write a custom essay sample on Compaction of Concrete or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it is done manually it is called hand compaction or tamping, and in second case it is termed as machine compaction. ?Hand compaction: Hand compaction is done with the help of steel tamping rods, or timber screeds. Marrow and deep members are compacted with tamping rods. Thin slabs and floors are tamped with the help of screeds. Compaction should be done in layers of 30 cm for mass concrete and 15 cm for reinforced concrete. Companction should be carried out for such a time that a layer of mortar starts appearing at the compacted surface. Excessive compaction and under compaction both are harmful for concrete. Due to excessive compaction, C. A. particles sink to the bottom and cement and F. A. mortar appears at the top. This makes concrete structure heterogeneous, and hence affects strength. This method of curing is adopted in the case of precast members. It has been noticed that by keeping the wet conditions, if temperature is increased, the rate of increase of strength also increases. This enables concrete to acquire its full strength within short period and hence, curing is also finished within short period. ?Machine compaction: Machine or mechanical compaction of concrete is done with the help of vibrators. Vibrators produce vibrations which when transmitted to plastic concrete make it to flow and affect compaction. The air bubbles are forced out of concrete due to vibrations. Over vibration should not be allowed, otherwise C. A. particles will concentrate at the lower layers and mortar will come to the surface. There are three types of vibrators in most common use: †¢Internal vibrator: This vibrator is also known as immersion, poker, or needle vibrator. It consists of a power unit and a long flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is attached. This vibrator develops about 7000 vibrations per minute. Wherever, compaction is to be done, the vibrating head is inserted in the concrete. This vibrator is very useful for compaction of mass concrete. †¢Form vibrator: This vibrator is clamped to he form-work and imparts vibrations to the concrete through form-work. This vibrator is used only if the use of internal vibrator is not practicable as in the case of thin and congested situations. It is also called external vibrator. †¢Surface vibrator: It is also named as screed or pan vibrator. It is clamped to the screed, it Imparts vibration to the concrete from the surface when screeding ope ration of the concrete is carried out. It is effective only for depths of about 20 cm and hence useful for thin horizontal surface such as pavements. How to cite Compaction of Concrete, Essay examples

Huey P. Long - Saint Vitus Dance Government Radio Address free essay sample

Huey P. Long Radio Address: Saint Vitus Dance Government delivered 2 May 1935 Ladies and Gentlemen: Whether you do or do not believe in the divine rule of the Scriptures or in the precepts of the Founders of this country or in the history of philosophy of all nations, if you will believe the four tables of arithmetic those of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division you will agree with me that the wealth of this land must be immediately redistributed to among our 125 million people, if America is to be saved as a country. For a moment ladies and gentlemen, let me turn to the last radio address by our President, the honorable Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It was delivered to the people of our country on last Sunday night. Now the President says that the people cannot understand just how good he has got them coming along. Here are his words (quote): The job of creating a program for the nations welfare is in some respects like the building of a ship. At different points on the coast where I often visit they build great seagoing ships. (End quotations). You see, what the President is talking about there is that when he goes out on that five million dollar yacht they call the Nourmahal owed by brother Vincent Astor, who does lots of ship subsidy business for the United States, where they get as much as a thousand dollars for carrying one three cent letter he sometimes sees them building a ship. Now let us quote further from the President (quote): When one of these ships is under construction and the steel frames have been set in the keel, it is difficult for a person who does not know ships to tell how it will finally look when it is sailing the high seas. It is that way with the making of a national policy. So we see our President of the United States some of us call him the Knight of the Nourmahal says were confused because we cannot see just how this thing is going to look when he gets through making it. Why to be sure: all those millions of hogs they killed, all those cattle they shot down, the milk they poured into the rivers with the people starving for it, all of the cotton they plowed under and wool that they burned up with the people naked because they could not get it none of us can see just how that is working out. But the President says it is going to look pretty when he gets the picture made up. Surely it will look pretty. It may not look exactly like a song, but it would be something like a dance: the Saint Vitus dance.1 Now the President says this (quote): They know that the process of constructive rebuilding of America cannot be done in a day or a year (end quote). No, and if he is a fair sample of it, they know it cannot be done in a hundred years. His process of construction, if you call it construction, is to start out repairing the automobile by first tearing off the top and then when the rain begins to beat in, to hammer the engine to pieces, pare down the chassis, and then wind up by taking off the wheels. That leaves only one thing to do, he sends the bill for the work. That bill has now reached the size of over 30 billions of dollars, six times more than all the money in circulation in the United States. But now were going to get to something. The President takes you into his confidence. Here is what he says next (quote:): The most difficult place in the world to get a clear and open perspective of the country as a whole is in Washington. That is why I occasionally leave this scene of action for a few days to go fishing. Im going to read that again from the President (quote): The most difficult place in the world to get a clear and open perspective of the country as a whole is in Washington. That is why I occasionally leave this scene of action for a few days to go fishing. (End quote.) Now if you will observe closely, ladies and gentlemen, our President remarks that he could not find out about the people of the country in Washington. So he betook himself on board the five million dollar yacht called the Nourmahal, owned by Vincent Astor, where he was dead certain to find out just how things were getting along. This Nourmahal yacht sailed out into the British waters with the President on board and soon thereafter was boarded by the son and daughter-in-law of the King of England, the Duke and Duchess of Kent, and now after some several days or week’s tour on the briny British waters, enthroned on a five million dollar yacht in company with the multi-millionaire Astor and the Duke and Duchess of Kent right out of England, our great and benevolent President returns and says he went on this fishing trip to find out what it is all about. This would be great comfort to the cotton hands who are not allowed to plant cotton this year and who are naked because they cant get cotton goods and cant make any money to buy it either. It would do a great deal of help among the starving who are told they must make contracts to reduce the quantity of food stuffs, so that there will not be too much to eat. Hooray for President Roosevelts fishing trip! Lets send him off again. If he doesnt get any better understanding of the conditions in this country then he has had in the last two years, itd be a fine thing if Congress made a contract with Mr. Vincent Astor and his five million dollar yacht, not only to take the President out in the British waters to fish for a week or two, but to keep him there for several more months, then trust in luck that the country would find its way back to normal before he got back. I didnt get to hear the message of our President It was delivered over the radio because I was on board a train returning from Des Moines, Iowa, where I had made a speech on last Saturday. But I would say to you that at the place of Des Moines, I took a vote of the crowd some 20 thousand highly educated and intelligent people and without one single exception, every hand was raised into the air favoring the plan for redistribution of wealth, and not one hand was raised against it. But to get back to my point, not having heard the President speak, as I returned to Washington, I stepped over to my office where I was approached by an officer. He said to me, he says, I heard the President speak last night. And I asked him, I said, What did he say? He said, He said to just keep waiting. But the President of the United States has long since forgotten the pledge and promise which he made and on which he was nominated and elected to President. He promised in terms that were certain, in language which could not be misunderstood, that he would break up the size of the big fortunes of this country and use it to build the common people up from the ground to where they had something on which to live in comfort. He made that promise in the speech that he delivered in Atlanta, Georgia, and it was that speech that was the basis on which I declared for him as President. I gave him the Louisiana delegation and helped him to get several others on the promises that he made in that Atlanta speech. He made that promise when he accepted the nomination of the Democratic Party at the Chicago convention. He made that promise in other speeches which he delivered during the campaign for President. I was sent into state after state, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, and into Kansas, directly from the then candidate for President, Mr. Roosevelt. And I was sent there to tell the people that when Mr. Franklin Delano Roosevelt became the President of the United States, that the big fortunes would be whittled down to a reasonable limit in size and that thereby the common run of mankind would be built up from the bottom, at least to the point where all of our people had a home and the comforts of life for their families, with steady employment to all labor and profit over production costs to all the farmers. What I say as to these promises by our President will not be disputed by him or by anyone else. They are in indelible type. They are in letters and pamphlets that cannot be disputed or questioned. But now in the third year of his Administration, we find more of our people unemployed than at any other time. We find our houses empty and our people hungry, many of them half-clothed and many of them not clothed at all. Mr. Hopkins announced 22 millions on the dole, a new high water mark in that particular sum a few weeks ago. We find not only the people going further into debt but that the United States is going further into debt. The states are going further into debt and the cities and towns are even going into bankruptcy. The condition has become deplorable. Instead of his promises, the only remedy that Mr. Roosevelt has prescribed is to borrow more money if he can and to go further into debt. The last move was to borrow five billion dollars more on which we must pay interest for the balance of our lifetime and probably during the lifetime of our children. And with it all there stalks the slimy specter of want, hunger, destitution, and pestilence all because of the fact that in the land of too much to eat and of too much to wear, our President has failed in his promise to have these necessities of life distributed into the hands of the people who have need of them. Now the jet black shadow of our want and misery came upon us step by step with certain precision, day after day, month after month, and year after year. There were investigations and studies made both by private bodies and governmental agencies to find out the cause of our trouble. The whole matter was studied very seriously up to as late as the year 1916, 1920. The departments of the United States government and many of our statesmen and newspapers and other journals openly stated that our growing trouble was caused by too much of our wealth getting into the hands of too few of our people. All of them said that we had to turn things around the other way, so as to have the people owning less and less, so as to have the masses owning more and more. That is that the few should own less and the more people should own more. But such things were said at a time before the money masters had muzzled the public journals and before they had stifled the agencies of our governments research and publicity. Here is what the government report rendered to Congress in 1916 by the Industrial Relations Commission said (quote): The sources through which industrial unrest springs are, when stated in full detail, almost numerous, but upon careful analysis of their real character, they would be found to group themselves almost without exception under four main sources which include all the others. These four are: 1. Unjust distribution of wealth and income. (End quotation). Now the United States Industrial Relations Commission said this thing further (quote): The rich two percent of the people own 60 percent of the wealth. The middle class, 33 percent of the people, own 35 percent of the wealth. The poor, 65 percent of the people, own five percent of the wealth. This means in brief that a little less than two million people who would make up a city smaller than Chicago own 20 percent more of the nations wealth than all the other 90 million people (Close quotation). But at about this time of 1916, when these studies were being made, our country was thrown into the European war in the next year 1917. And when the shades of 1919 were lowered on the Peace Conference in Paris, the billionaires and multi-millionaires of our finances had begun to apply their pressure throughout America. They sought to it thereafter that nothing more was said about too few people owning too much or about too many people owning too little. They muzzled down on everything as tight as a drum. From 1920 to 1929, they changed businesses and banks and roped in all the businesses and institutions of this country four times as tight as they had ever held them. In the first year of Hoovers reign with more food stuffs and more wearing apparel, more manufactured articles, more houses, and more of everything else than this country had ever seen in all of its history, notwithstanding all our abundance of everything for which our people had any need, there began to come about the first wave of our greatest hunger, nakedness, homelessness, and destitution in this land where there was too much of everything. Why was that? It was because of the fact that in spite of those conditions of too few owning too much as we found to exist in 1916, that is a matter of fact in the 14 years time which followed from 1916 to 1930, those conditions grew to be two times as bad as they were when they were complained about in 1916. The study of the Federal Trade Commission made in 1930 said this (quote): The foregoing table shows that about one percent of the estimated number of decedents owned about 59 percent of the estimated wealth and that more than 90 percent was owned by about 13 percent of this number. So you will see from a comparison, ladies and gentlemen, of these two government reports, one in 1916 and one in 1930, 14 years apart, that one percent of the people owned as much in 1930 as two percent of the people owned in 1916. So it proved that the government was correct in 1916 when it warned that too much of the wealth in the hands of too few people was bringing on calamity. For when we reached 1930 with the conditions growing from bad to worst, the whole country collapsed and misery was brought about upon the population in the land that was flowing with milk and honey. From the studies which I have made, I charged in the United States Senate along about 1933 and 1934 that four percent of the people owned 85 percent of the wealth and that 96 percent of our people owned less than 16 percent of the wealth. I charged that 70 percent of the people of the United States didnt own enough to pay their debts. There was considerable ridicule made against the figures which I gave. During the last month of April of this very year, about three or four weeks ago, the newspaper in New York City with the largest daily circulation called The Daily News announced that it would send a special representative to Washington to investigate the figures that Id given out. So it sent here a gentleman named Lowell Limpus and in the issue of The Daily News of Monday, April 8th, 1935, just three weeks ago, here is what that great newspaper said. I quote, I now quote their own words (quote): Four percent own 87 percent of the United States, News Survey Shows† (end quotation). Now that is the headline of this newspaper. I will read you from the article of this newspaper of April 8th, 1935, three weeks old. This biggest paper of the world (quote): The News recently suggested editorially that figures quoted in current discussions on the distribution of wealth ought to be proved or disproved by an official survey. No figures being available, The News instituted a survey of its own. The results are covered in a series of articles of which this is the first. Now I continue to quote from this article of The Daily News. Here is what they said (quote again): The News survey simply brings a picture up to date or as nearly so as figures permit. It reveals the following facts: Less than four percent are getting 38 and a half percent of the aggregate national income. They, this four percent own and control more than 87 percent of the national wealth. The poor are getting poorer. The national income is steadily draining into fewer and fewer pockets. The nations wealth is rapidly coming under the control of a mere handful of men. (End quotations from that newspaper.) Now Im going to quote further from this same article in The Daily News. I start again (quote): The facts were there but they were ignored. It remained for Senator Huey Long. Now notice this Daily News has ridiculed me for all these many years what it says: The facts were there but they were ignored. It remained for Senator Huey Long and his ilk to force them to the attention of the public. Huey Long opened books. Im still quoting this paper He adopted a technique which had never occurred to the students. Huey mounted a soapbox and beat a bass drum. The public stopped to listen. The News survey reveals that he knew what he was talking about but so did the students who preceded him. (Close quotations.) Yes, my friends but if you knew the mire and the ridicule and the and the distress that I had to come through in order to get those figures before the people, youd know what a public life might mean. But now I will not take the time to read you further what this big newspaper which checked up on my figures had said, but it took the time to write a big editorial and here is an editorial of April the 11th, 1935 that they addressed to the balance of the newspapers of the United States to say this. Quote its April 11th, 1935: When Huey Long in his Share the Wealth reply to General Johnson said that one percent of Americans own 59 percent of America’s wealth, while four percent own between 85 percent and 95 percent of the wealth, we knew he was a liar. We intimated as much and added that somebody ought to look into this question and get the true figures on American wealth distribution in order to refute this demagogue Long. The News then assigned one of its most competent investigators Lowell Limpus to the job of digging up the figures. And so Lowell Limpus went to Washington and worked for weeks in the Library of Congress and elsewhere to root up the true figures with which to confound Long. The results of that research are now being published in The News and to the consternation of many people (including ourselves when we first heard of them), the results of that research show that Long had essentially the correct dope. The gist of the Limpus finding is this, more than 96 percent of the workers in the United States receive less than the two thousand dollars a year which is regarded as sufficient only for bare necessities. According to the United States Federal Trade Commission, in 1926 one percent of the people dying did own 59 percent of the wealth reported and since that time the rich have been getting richer in proportion and the poor have been getting poorer. When Limpus discovered that such was the picture of wealth distribution in the United States, he wired The News that his data would prove very startling and that probably his findings could not be published. It was decided after some deliberation to publish them nevertheless. In other words, they decided to tell the truth in spite of themselves. I continue to quote: That decision was made on the ground that the ostrich act of sticking our heads in the sand, blinding ourselves to facts will only do us harm in the long run. To suppress these facts might dampen down some unrest for a while. But it is these facts which are causing the unrest. The eventual kickback would be much more serious if the facts continued to be kept under cover. And they are ominous facts. This is still quoting: It has happened time and again that when a nations wealth has become concentrated into too few hands and ways of redistributing part of it peaceably have not been worked out Hear that? They say: It has happened time and again that when a nations wealth has become concentrated into a few hands and ways of redistributing part of it peaceably have not been worked out, ways of redistributing it by violence have been adopted in time as in France and Russia. Thats why you better pay attention to what Im advocating, ladies and gentlemen. Im trying to do it peaceably. This newspaper says itll be done otherwise, if you dont do it. Quote again from The New York Daily News editorial: And as long as mass purchasing power stays down and continues to shrink, there will be over productions of bathtubs, cars, radios, and so forth, which we like to think are elements in the American standard of living. Will the balance of the newspapers do what this newspaper has done now? Ive finished quoting from it. Or will they continue to be blind and lead the balance of the blind into the mire of distress and ruin. The brave journalistic souls of the present day refuses to see the light. The Saturday Evening Post of this week dated May 4th, 1935 has an editorial about me as follows. Headline says: Facts are Stubborn.† â€Å"Rarely does any subject receive so much attention as Honorable Huey Long,† they say. Continuing to quote: Theres grave discussion as to how he will affect the fortunes of both the New Deal and the Republican Party. Everyone has an opinion as to whether he is a menace or not, the view taken depending on many different factors. The core of Senator Longs plan is to take away from all persons such wealth as they have in excess of one million dollars giving them the right to choose what particular kinds of property they would keep within the maximum permitted. Of the total wealth thats appropriated he suggests that something less than half be used to educate young people and that something over half be used to bring families having less than five thousand dollars of property up to that figure. Im continuing to quote from The Saturday Evening Post editorial (quote): This country has no official figures or even accurate estimates concerning the distribution of wealth. Now thats what The Saturday Evening Post said. Well now Im going to read to you from the same Saturday Evening Post of September 23rd, 1916. They say we have no figures on it. Now let me read to [you] from the same paper 19 years ago, September 23rd, 1916 (quote): The man who studies wealth in the United States from statistics only, quoting The Saturday Evening Post (quote further) will get nowhere with the subject because all of the statistics support only an inconclusive suggestion. Along one statistical line you can figure out a nation bustling with wealth. Along another a bloated plutocracy comprising one percent. Listen to that: Along another line a bloated plutocracy comprising one percent of the population, lording it over a starveling hoard with only a thin margin of merely well-to-do in between. (End quotation.) What is the matter with The Saturday Evening Post? Here it is saying there are no figures to show any such thing as I am saying. And yet 20 years ago, when you were allowed to be honest, Mr. Saturday Evening Post, you told the people that one percent of the people had a stranglehold on nearly everything the country had in it. Why this magazine doesnt know that I was its scholar in 1916. That magazine taught me to make this fight in part and now after 20 years of effort it has failed to remember what it knew way back yonder which everybody else has begun to find out at this late date. Now my friends you have heard me read how a great New York newspaper after investigations declared that all I have said about the bad distribution of this nations wealth is true. But we have been about our work to correct this situation. That is why the Share our Wealth societies are forming in every nook and corner of America. Theyll be meeting tonight. Soon there will be Share our Wealth societies for everyone to meet. They have a great work to perform. Here is what we stand for in a nutshell. Number one: We propose that every family in America shall at least own a homestead equal in value to not less than one-third the average family wealth. The average family wealth of America at normal values is approximately 16 thousand dollars. So our first proposition means that every family will have a home and the comforts of a home up to a value of not less than around five thousand dollars or a little more than that. Number two: We propose that no family shall own more than 300 times the average family wealth. Which means that no family shall possess more than a wealth of approximately five million dollars. None to own less than five thousand. None to own more than five million. We think thats too much to allow to own, but at least its extremely conservative. Number three: We propose that every family shall have an income equal to at least one-third of the average family income in America. If all were allowed to work thered be an income of from five thousand to 10 thousand dollars per family. We propose that one-third would be the minimum. We propose that no family will have an earning of less than around two thousand to 25 hundred dollars and that none will have more than 300 times the average less the ordinary income taxes, which means that a million dollars would be the limit on the highest income. We also propose to give the old age pensions to the old people not by taxing them or their children, but by levying the taxes upon the excess fortunes to whittle them down and on the excess incomes and excess inheritances so that the people who reach the age of 60 can be retired from the active labor of life and given an opportunity to have surcease and ease in the balance of the life that they have on earth. We also propose the care for the veterans including the cash payment of the soldiers bonus. We likewise propose that there should be an education for every youth in this land; and that no youth would be dependent upon the financial means of his parents in order to have a college education. But the children will have as much right to claim an education in order that they can be trained to do their full service in this life through college as they have the right now to claim through grammar school and through high school; and that includes the living cost, that childrens education shall not depend upon the financial capacity of their parents, but it shall depend upon their own energy and upon their own ability to consume what theyre taught in these schools and which they need to have taught to them. My plan is that our government should call in this surplus wealth above a few million to any one family and then distribute out to those who have the need of the same. Some criticize that plan but it is but it is prescribed by the Bible. I read you the words of the Scripture (quote): And the multitude of them that believed were of one heart and of one soul. Neither said any of them that all of the things which he possessed was his own. But they had all things common. Neither was there any among them that lacked. For as many as were possessors of land or houses sold them and brought the prices of the things that were sold and laid them down at the Apostles feet and distribution was made unto every man according as he had needs. See Acts: chapter 4, verses 32 to 36. Now you may criticize what Im saying but there it is written in the Bible. It is our purpose that every man should pursue a calling that means a living to himself and his family in peace and comfort that the shelter and home of every family should be every man and his family. That is as the Bible says it should be. I read to you the words of the Scripture again (quote): And they shall beat their swords into plow-shares and their spears into pruning hooks. Nations shall not lift up a sword against nation. Neither shall they learn war any more. But they shall sit every man under his vine and under his fig tree and none shall make them afraid. Thats from Micah: chapter 4, verses 3 and 4. We also say that none shall be too rich and none shall be too poor. Thats the philosophy of our Share our Wealth societies. The Bible says that such is as it should be. I read you the words of the Scripture (quote): Give me neither poverty nor riches. Feed me with food convenient for me lest I be full and deny thee and say, who is the Lord. Or lest I be poor and steal and take the name of my God in vain. Thats from Proverbs: chapter 20, verses 8 and 9. And we say that if the statutes of God are observed our people shall live in peace and in comfort forever, and that in this land of plenty none will sorrow. The Bible says so. I read you the words again (quote): If ye walk in my statutes ye shall eat your bread to the full and dwell in your lands safely and I will give peace in the land and ye shall lie there and nothing shall make you afraid. Thats from Leviticus: chapter 26, verses 3 to 17. Now my friends let no one tell you that it is difficult to redistribute the wealth of this land. It matters not how rich or how great one may be. When he dies his wealth must be distributed anyway. If Rockefeller died today, theyd had to distribute his wealth. The law of God shows how it has been done throughout time. See Nehemiah: chapter 5. Nothing is more sensible or better understood than the redistribution of property. The laws of God command it. It is required of all nations that are permitted to live under the laws of the Lord. See Leviticus: chapter 26. Today our nation is cursed with an overload of debt. Public and private debts aggregate 262 billions of dollars. That is more than two thousand dollars to every person that they never will be able to pay. Under the present set up this burden of debt can never be paid. It will forever condemn our people. The laws of our Lord command that such burden of debt must be wiped out of existence, so that a people may have a fair chance of life. See Deuteronomy: chapter 15, verses 1 and 2. So let us be about our work. It is simple. Why lie ye here idle? There is enough for all. Let there be peace in the land. Let our children be happy. Our fight is old! Here in the United States Senate were trying to pay the soldiers bonus. It is a debt which is due the soldiers who fought our wars. Were fighting to keep the Patman Bill2 which actually pays this bonus from being sidetracked. The bill is already passed in the House of Representatives. Maybe you would like to wire your United States senator tonight to ask him to stand for the Patman Bill tomorrow morning. I would like to hear from any of you if you wish to concern yourself with the work that we have in hand, the Share our Wealth society. If you want a copy of my speech I will send it upon request. You can write to me here in Washington D.C., care of the United States Senate. Well my friends how wonderful and how great. How fruitful to all this great American land of ours can actually be. We only have to eliminate useless greed and provide that none shall be too big and none too small. Beautiful America can rise to the opportunity before it. It means to us all, every man a king. I thank you. Book/CDs by Michael E. Eidenmuller, Published by McGraw-Hill (2008) 1 A reference to choreia, a neurological disease symptomized by involuntary movements of the body, especially of the hands and feet. Outwardly, the effects of the disease produce the appearance of spasmodic dancing which lacks discernible pattern or purpose. Rhetorically, Long uses the reference as a counter-analogy in an effort to undermine Roosevelts analogy comparing his national welfare program with the building of a ship. Long then offers a second counter-analogy, comparing Roosevelts program with the dismantling of an otherwise perfectly good automobile, and leaving, for all rhetorical intents and purposes, Roosevelts ship-building metaphor dead in the water. 2 A bill providing for the immediate payment of bonus money to veterans of World War I. Research Note: Transcription by Diane Wiegand Michael E. Eidenmuller Image Source: Senate.gov Copyright Status: Text = Uncertain. Image = Public domain.

Audit Committee Effectiveness and Fees

Question: Discuss about the Audit Committee Effectiveness and Fees. Answer: Introduction The research is about gender and audit committee effectiveness and fees. The study will discuss the research topic in detail along with the views of other authors regarding the research topic. Apart from that, research questions are set for the research topic, which is considered as the base of the research process. The research proposal will describe a detailed conception about the gender representation in the audit committee effectiveness in controlling audit fees. The research methodologies that will be used in conducting the research are mentioned in the research proposal. A section of ethics is done so that the research maintains the ethical considerations. Data collection methods and data analysis methods that will be used in conducting the research process will be mentioned in the research proposal. The research outcomes are important while proceeding the whole research so that the conclusion can be derived easily. Research topic The research topic is gender representation in audit committee effectiveness and fees. It is an important topic for research, that has vital significance in the corporate world. Audit committee is present in every big multinational company. The role of audit committee is to control the internal functions of the company and management activities. The audit committee effectiveness depends on successful controlling the practices and policies that are used in controlling accounting, operations and regulatory compliance of business entity. The topic has significance because it is seen that if female corporate executives are included in the audit committee, then the result of the audit is more effective. There are many positive implications of female representation in the audit committee as it is related to produce a quality audit report in order to protect the auditors from reducing audit fees and audit time. However, it is seen that female audit committee representation has impacted on t he audit fees and audit quality. Literature review According to Harjoto et al. (2015), corporate governance in terms of audit has extensive impact on the determinants of the audit delays and audit fees as it focuses on the board diligence, characteristics and expertise. However, the authors support gender diversity in the effectiveness of the audit quality and the firms in Australia. The journal article suggests that ethnicity diversity and gender diversity influence the firms audit delay and audit fees. Female CEOs are more sensitive than male CEOs in the corporate executive board and in the audit committee. Therefore, it is responsible for women in some sensitive cases of market pressure and audit delay. As per Beck and Mauldin (2015), there are many regulations that are responsible for negotiating and determining the audit fees. The article illustrates that CEOs and other members of the audit committee irrespective of gender are in charge of controlling the regulations of the audit report formation. In the time of recession, it is seen that the audit fees are seem to be reduced in larger amount. CEO of a company and the audit committee members has more or less same power regarding the power of negotiation of audit regulations and audit fees. However, CEO has more power in some aspects in the perspective f rules and regulations (Sun and Liu 2014). As stated by Huang et al. (2014), the female CEO and higher executives that are associated with the audit committee of the organizations are recognized in terms of higher audit fees. It can be seen that CEO controls the implication of the policy in the effectiveness of the audit committee. However, female CEOs are though sensitive in many issues but are efficient in many activities of communicating with the employees before making an audit report. Many employees of the organizations support female executives in the audit committee for efficient audit report. According to Xiang et al. (2015), women who are associated in the audit committee and board of directors of Chinese organizations have significant impact on reducing the audit fees. The relationship of the gender diversity and the audit fees has a direct relationship that has a positive impact on the different activities of management. It is seen that when the management of the company is weak, then the gender diversity is associated with very less amount of fees. It can be said that audit committee is formed in a voluntary process that is different from that of developed countries of United States and United Kingdom. The cultural difference is a perspective where the developing countries are different from that of developed countries. There is a condition that the Chinese business women faces some issues while dealing with the internal business issues with the developed countries (Pucheta?Martnez and Garca?Meca 2014). There are some limitations related to the research. The literature gap of the research is that the women in the business world face some issues in the audit fees in some aspects. However, the different views of the authors related to the gender biasness in the CFO level and in the CEO level are not sufficient to describe the fact of the equality in the audit committee. On the other hand, it can be said that the audit are important for multinational companies so that they can correct the wrong steps or the ineffective steps in the formation of audit committees. Research questions The research questions of the research are as follows: What is the impact of gender diversity in audit committee effectiveness? What is the impact of the female inclusion in enhancing the audit quality? What is the role of gender diversity in reducing the audit fees in the big multinational companies? Research Methodologies Research methodology is defined as the theoretical analysis, systematic methods that are applied in the particular field of study. Research methodologies usually encompasses the analysis of principles of methods postulates and rules that are employed in the course of discipline of a research (Buckley and Waring 2013). There are different kinds of research such as applied research, basic research, problem solving, problem-oriented research, quantitative research, and qualitative research. In this research, quantitative research methodologies will be used for conducting the research regarding the gender inclusion in audit committee effectiveness (Coleman and Ringrose 2013). Quantitative research methodology is the best method of research that will yield to most effective result in this situation. Quantitative research methods include simple calculations, statistics of the data collected from different types of sources regarding the research topic. Inclusion of mathematical theories in the research methods will develop a relation between the empirical observations and the mathematical representation (Jonker and Kosse 2013). The use of statistics will increase the validity of the research outcomes that will be gained after conducting the data analysis and research process. Apart from that, secondary research methods will be used for completion of the research. It is seen that implementation of the proper research methodology will enhance the enrichment of the research outcomes (Takhar-Lail and Ghorbani 2015). Research Process Research process is defined as the process adopted the conductor of the research while conducting the whole research. Research process is a vital aspect that illustrates the way of completing the steps chosen for proceeding the research. After choosing the research topic, then the research methodology is selected. The research methodology suggests the process of data collection and analysis of the research. The data will be collected from secondary sources. It is very important to determine the research process so that the whole research can be checked in the process. There are four stages of research processes. They are inquiry, collection, organization and presentation (Buckley and Waring 2013). The process of searching the actual methods of research methodology is included in the category of inquiry. Collection includes the methods of data collection whereas the organization represents the data analysis process that is a vital aspect of the research process. It has to be kept in m ind that there should be no errors in the process of analyzing the data so that the research outcomes satisfy the purpose of the research and answer to all the questions of the topic. The last stage is presentation. It represents the presentation of the completed tasks in the whole research (Lewis 2015). Data Collection and Analysis Data collection is defined as the process of collection of data for conducting the research. There are many types of data collection methods that are used by the observers in order to collect credible sources. The quality of the research outcomes depend on the quality of the data collected for the research. In this research, secondary data collection methods will be implemented. Secondary data includes scholarly articles and journals. The research topic that is being chosen has immense importance in business research topic (Creswell 2013). However, conducting primary methods of data collection will be a constraint while proceeding with the research. Secondary data will provide credible data that will help in analyzing the data in order to reach at a conclusion. However, data collection will be conducted at a regular interval that can serve the management purpose. Primary research methods are also included so that it can validate the secondary data that is being collected from the dif ferent executives associated in the multinational organizations of Australia (Cohen et al. 2013). Apart from the data collection methods, data analysis of the research will be done by using the methods of quantitative analysis such as standard deviation, median and descriptive statistics. However, a new form of data analysis can also be used. The McKinsey consultants have developed an approach known as MECE principle or hypothesis testing can also be used for getting the answers of the research questions (kerlind 2012). Expected Research Outcomes The expected research outcomes will support the intervention of female executives in the audit committee effectiveness. Apart from that, the quality of the audit will also be enhanced if females are included in the audit committee in the big multinational organizations. If the research methodologies are implemented in the research process properly then it is expected that the research will provide an enriched analysis of the research topic regarding gender diversity in audit committee effectiveness and in audit fees (Sultana et al. 2015). The research process that is explained in the research process section is a vital aspect that will validate the research result. However, the expected outcomes of the research will support the gender diversity in formulating audit reports quality. The primary mentor or supervisor of the research is the teacher or guide in the university. The supervisor has chosen the research topic that will help the readers in order to gain an idea regarding the audit committee effectiveness and role of the female corporate executives in the audit committees of multinational organization. Apart from that, the supervisor has provided an ethical checklist that will maintain all the ethical considerations of the research process (Nicol?escu 2013). Conclusion The research proposal for gender diversity is the in terms of audit committee effectiveness and audit fees are explained in detail. Various types of research methodologies that is present, among them quantitative research methodology is being selected for obtaining an enriched data regarding the topic. It is mentioned in the research proposal that the research will be conducted using the data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The credibility of the data depends on the sources that have been collected from trusted sources like Google Scholar. However, an ethical checklist is being filled so that they can fulfill the ethical considerations that are compulsory for conducting the research. It will be filled in the Appendix section of the study. References kerlind, G.S., 2012. Variation and commonality in phenomenographic research methods.Higher Education Research Development,31(1), pp.115-127. Beck, M.J. and Mauldin, E.G., 2014. Who's really in charge? Audit committee versus CFO power and audit fees.The Accounting Review,89(6), pp.2057-2085. Buckley, C.A. and Waring, M.J., 2013. Using diagrams to support the research process: Examples from grounded theory.Qualitative Research, p.14. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. Coleman, R. and Ringrose, J. eds., 2013.Deleuze and research methodologies. Edinburgh University Press. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Harjoto, M.A., Laksmana, I. and Lee, R., 2015. The impact of demographic characteristics of CEOs and directors on audit fees and audit delay.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(8/9), pp.963-997. Huang, T.C., Huang, H.W. and Lee, C.C., 2014. Corporate executives gender and audit fees.Managerial Auditing Journal,29(6), pp.527-547. Jonker, N. and Kosse, A., 2013. Estimating cash usage: The impact of survey design on research outcomes.De Economist,161(1), pp.19-44. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, p.15. Nicol?escu, E., 2013. Developments in corporate governance and regulatory interest in protecting audit quality.Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, (2), pp.198-203. Pucheta?Martnez, M.C. and Garca?Meca, E., 2014. Institutional investors on boards and audit committees and their effects on financial reporting quality.Corporate Governance: An International Review,22(4), pp.347-363. Sultana, N., Singh, H., der Zahn, V. and Mitchell, J.L., 2015. Audit Committee Characteristics and Audit Report Lag.International Journal of Auditing,19(2), pp.72-87. Sun, J. and Liu, G., 2014. Audit committees oversight of bank risk-taking.Journal of Banking Finance,40, pp.376-387. Takhar-Lail, A. and Ghorbani, A., 2015. Market Research Methodologies: Multi-Method and Qualitative. Xiang, R., Qin, M. and Peterson, C.A., 2015. Gender Diversity of Audit Committees and Audit Fees: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies.Asian Journal of Finance Accounting,7(2), pp.239-254.